Katyn (2007)

Katyn is a Polish historical drama which premiered in 2007. It is the story about a horrible crime, one of the worst crimes that was committed during World War 2. While the characters are fictional, they are placed in a historical context, and the main story is true: the drama is inspired by real events. Here is some basic information about it:

** Director: Andrzej Wajda (1926-2016)
** Writers: Przemyslaw Nowakowski, Wladyslaw Pasikowski, and Andrzej Wajda
** Based on the book Post Morten: The Story of Katyn by Andrzej Mularczyk
** Soundtrack: Polish, German, Russian
** Subtitles: English
** Released on DVD in 2009
** Available on Amazon Prime Video since 2009
** Run time: 121 minutes

The cast includes the following:

** Artur Zmijewski as Andrzej – an officer in the Polish Army

** Maja Ostaszewska as Anna – Andrzej’s wife

** Wiktoria Gasiewska as Weronika (“Nika”) – daughter of Andrzej and Anna

** Wladyslaw Kowalski as Professor Jan – Andrzej’s father

** Maja Komorowska as Andrzej’s mother

** Jan Englert as the (Polish) General

** Danuta Stenka as Roza – the (Polish) General’s wife

** Agnieszka Kawiorska as Ewa – daughter of the (Polish) General and Roza

** Andrzej Chyra as Jerzy – an officer in the Polish Army

** Pawel Malaszynski as Piotr – a pilot in the Polish Airforce

** Magdalena Cielecka as Agnieszka – Piotr’s sister

PART ONE

The drama begins in 1939 and covers the time until 1946 or 1947 (one or two years after the end of the war). The opening scene takes place on 17 September 1939. World War 2 has just begun. Poland is under attack from two sides: Germany invades from the west, while the USSR invades from the east. The Polish Army surrenders, because it does not stand a chance, and the people who want to escape the foreign invaders have nowhere to run.

One month before, Germany and the USSR signed a treaty of friendship or non-aggression. The treaty includes a secret protocol in which the two friends agree to divide Poland between them. Germany will take the western half, while the USSR will take the eastern half. The treaty has another secret stipulation: if the USSR wants to invade and annex the three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), German has no objections to this.

In the eastern zone, Soviet forces arrest and deport thousands of Poles: the officers of the army, leading politicians, cultural leaders and prominent academics. In the spring of 1940 these prisoners of war (POWs) are executed and buried in mass graves in Katyn and two other locations. More than 5,000 are buried in each location. Katyn is located 18-19 km west of Smolensk.

The treaty of friendship does not last long: on 22 June 1941, Germany begins a large-scale invasion of the USSR. At first, the attack is successful. For a while Germany controls all of Poland, the three Baltic States, and the western part of the USSR.

In 1943, German forces discover the mass graves in Katyn. When they study the bodies, they realize that the people who are buried here are the officers of the Polish Army who had disappeared after they were captured and deported to the USSR. Since the spring of 1940, nobody had heard anything from them.

Germany claims the USSR has committed a serious crime. The leaders of the USSR are not happy to be accused in this way, but they cannot deny that the bodies found are the bodies of the Polish officers, the former POWs. They do not want to confess. Therefore they come up with a counter-claim:

In 1941, when Germany invaded the USSR, and Soviet forces had to withdraw in great haste, the Polish POWs were unfortunately left behind. They were captured by German forces who killed them in the autumn of 1941. This is the Soviet version of events in Katyn and the USSR will stick to this line for fifty years.

In 1944, when the German forces have been expelled from the USSR, the bodies in Katyn are dug up one more time. A Soviet scientific commission investigates and confirms the Soviet line: the Polish POWs were killed by the Germans in 1941.

In Poland nobody believes this version, but they are not allowed to say so. The truth can only be whispered behind closed doors.

In this drama, we follow several Polish characters whose lives are turned upside down because of the German and the Soviet invasions. The major characters are Anna, her husband Andrzej, and their daughter Nika, who are in the eastern zone. Andrzej is arrested and deported to Katyn, where he is killed, while Anna and Nika both survive the war. Secondary characters include Andrzej’s parents, who live in Krakow in the western zone. Andrzej’s father Jan is arrested by the Germans.

PART TWO

What do reviewers say about this historical drama? Here are the results of three review aggregators:

** 71 per cent = IMDb
** 81 per cent = Meta
** 94 per cent = Rotten Tomatoes

As you can see, these ratings hover around 80 per cent. The first one (IMDb) is a bit below, while the third one (Rotten Tomatoes) is a bit above. The average is 82 per cent. If you ask me, this rating is quite appropriate. This drama is good but not great. There are some flaws. Let me explain:

# 1. New characters are introduced in the middle of the story. Here is one example: after the end of the war, in 1946 or 1947, Agnieszka wants to set up a tombstone for her brother who was a pilot in the Polish Airforce. The tombstone says he was killed in Katyn in 1940. But this is not allowed! The text must say that he was killed in Katyn in 1941. Because Poland is now controlled by the USSR. There is a long dispute about the tombstone.

I do not object to the story about Agnieszka and the tombstone. It is good and relevant. My point is we have not seen her before. She was not in the story from the beginning. She pops up when we are half-way through the story. It is not a good idea to introduce an important character in the middle of the story. There are other examples.

# 2. The story is set in Poland and the western part of the USSR. The time frame is 1939 to 1946 or 1947. But there is nothing about the western allies and their response to the findings in Katyn.

In 1941, when Germany invaded the USSR, the western powers made an alliance with the USSR. Since the western powers did not want to endanger their alliance with Stalin, they did not object to the Soviet version of events in Katyn. The western allies knew the German version was true and the Soviet version was false, but they did not say this in public. This fact is not mentioned in the drama.

# 3. In 1990, as the Cold War was coming to an end, the Soviet Government finally admitted that old Soviet line was not true: the Polish POWs had been killed by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) in Katyn and two other locations in the spring of 1940. This fact is not mentioned in the drama.

CONCLUSION

The story of Katyn is important. It deserves to be told. Since it is a story about a horrible crime, I cannot say you will enjoy it, but I do think you can appreciate it. I want to give this drama a good rating, but as you can see, there are some flaws. I have to remove one star because of them. Therefore I think it deserves a rating of four stars.

PS # 1. For more information, see the following books:

** Katyn: Stalin’s Massacre and the Triumph of Truth by Allen Paul (2010)

** Katyn 1940: The Documentary Evidence of the West’s Betrayal by Eugenia Maresch (2010)

PS # 2. The Last Witness is a historical drama that premiered in 2018. The story is set in the UK in 1947. A young, ambitious journalist discovers some information about Katyn and realizes that the British government does not want him to tell the truth about what happened and when it happened.

PS # 3. In April 2010 a Polish aircraft crashed in a forest near Smolensk. All passengers and crew (96 persons) were killed. The passengers were the top brass of Poland who were flying from Warsaw to Smolensk in order to attend an official ceremony to remember the massacre of Katyn in 1940. The passengers included:

** The President of Poland Lech Kaczynski and his wife Maria

** The President of Poland in Exile Ryszard Kaczorowski

** The Chief of the Polish General Staff

** Senior Polish military officers

** The President of the Bank of Poland

** 18 members of the Polish Parliament

** Senior members of the Polish clergy

How could this happen? A national tragedy for Poland. And it happened next to the place where another national tragedy had happened in 1940. The crash was investigated by Russia and by Poland. Both investigations concluded that the plane had crashed because of bad weather and errors committed by the pilots. However, some observers are convinced that sinister forces were behind the crash.

The television series Mayday devoted an episode to this case: “Death of the President,” season 12 episode 10, aired in 2013. There is also a Polish movie about the case: Smolensk (2016). This movie received mixed reviews: some reviewers say it is excellent, while others claim it is awful.

I wonder why so many important people were allowed to fly on the same plane. Why not travel in three or four separate groups? I also wonder why they had to fly. The distance from Warsaw to Smolensk is less than 800 km (less than 500 miles). Why not travel by bus or by train?

*****

 

 Andrzej Wajda (1926-2016)

*****

The Last Witness (2018)

The Last Witness is a historical drama which premiered in 2018. The story is set in the UK in 1947. A young, ambitious journalist discovers some information about a massacre which was committed during World War 2 and realizes that the British government does not want him to tell the truth about who is responsible for it. Here is some basic information about it:

** Director: Piotr Szkopiak
** Writers: Piotr Szkopiak and Paul Szambowski
** Run time: 93 minutes

The cast includes the following:

** Alex Pettyfer as Stephen Underwood – a journalist who works for the Western Post, a newspaper published in Bristol

** Talulah Riley as Lieutenant Jeanette Mitchell – Mason Mitchell’s wife – and Stephen’s lover

** Henry Lloyd-Hughes as Mason Mitchell – who works for British Military Intelligence – he is also Jeanette’s husband

** Gwilym Lee as Captain John Underwood – Stephen’s brother

** Michael Gambon as Frank Hamilton – the editor of the Western Post

** Holly Augustine as Rose Miller – a typist at the Western Post

** Anita Carey as Mrs Joan Caldercott – Stephen’s landlady

** Robert Wieckiewicz as Ivan Krivosertsev (a Russian peasant from Smolensk) who poses as Michael Loboda (a Polish refugee) – the last witness

** Will Thorp as Colonel Janusz Pietrowski – Polish Home Army

** Piotr Stramowski as Andrzej Nowak – a Polish soldier

** Ian Midlane as Philip Edwards – a civil servant who works at a government archive

** Michael Byrne as the coroner in Bristol

PART ONE
The WW2 massacre that Stephen wants to investigate took place at Katyn and two other locations. Katyn is located in the western part of the USSR, today the western part of Russia, 18-19 km west of Smolensk. More than 15,000 Polish POWs were executed in this massacre.

The timing is critical: was it in the spring of 1940 or in the autumn of 1941? When we know the date, we know who was responsible. If it is 1940, it is the Soviet secret police (NKVD). If it is 1941, it is Nazi Germany.

This is why the case of Katyn is so controversial. Most governments do not want to talk about it. And they want everybody else to do the same. Keep quiet! In Poland everybody knows that the answer is 1940, but for many years – during the Cold War – they were not allowed to say so.

Piotr Szkopiak, the director of this drama, has a personal connection with the story of Katyn: his grandfather was one of the Polish officers who were executed at Katyn. In addition, his mother was arrested in Poland and deported to Siberia. During the war she managed to get to the UK. Piotr Szkopiak was born in the UK in 1966.

As stated above, this drama is set in the UK in 1947. Most scenes take place in and around a camp for displaced persons from Poland located near Bristol. One scene takes place in London. With one exception, all characters are fictional, but they are placed in a historical context.

The exception is Michael Loboda, who was found hanging from a tree in an orchard near Bristol in 1947. According to the director, the story that we see in the drama is built around him. In other words: this is not a true story, but it is based on true events, and many details which are mentioned in the drama are true as well. 

PART TWO

The Last Witness is a thriller. I do not want to spoil the viewing for anyone. Therefore I am not going to reveal too much about what happens in this drama. I will merely tell you how the story begins. But I have to mention a few details in order to explain my rating.

The main character is Stephen, who works for the Western Post, a local newspaper. He drinks and smokes all the time. His lover Jeanette, who works in the camp for displaced persons, is married to Mason, who has only married her in order to keep up appearances. He is not interested in women. He is more interested in men, but obviously, he cannot say so in public. Stephen’s brother, a captain in the British Army, also works in the camp for displaced persons.

Stephen notices that several Polish soldiers have recently committed suicide and he wonders why. What happened to them? Why do they not want to live anymore? He thinks there is a story here, but his editor Frank Hamilton tells him to forget it: “Nobody wants to read about suicides! It is bad for the circulation!”

Stephen does not obey this order. He cannot let it go. One evening, when he is in a bar with Jeanette, he overhears an argument between a foreigner (Michael Loboda) and a local man. The local man says the Polish people should go home, because the war is over, but the foreigner says he is not from Poland, he is from Russia.

Now Stephen is interested. Why does a Russian man pretend to be a Polish refugee? It seems this foreigner is hiding a big secret, but he does not want to talk about it. Why not?

During the night, Stephen sneaks into the camp and enters the barrack where Michael and some of the Polish refugees are sleeping. While Michael is sleeping, Stephen manages to remove a small box from his pocket. Back in his own room, he opens the box. Inside he finds a personal diary which he cannot read, because it is in Polish.

The next day he hands the diary to the typist Rose, whose father is Polish. He wants her father to translate the Polish diary for him. The next day, when she returns with an English translation, Stephen realizes that he has found something extraordinary: the diary is written by one of the Polish officers who were executed at Katyn.

The last entry is from April 1940! This means the massacre took place in the spring of 1940. And Michael Loboda, who lived near Smolensk at the time, is the last witness to this horrible event.

This is how the story begins and this is where my presentation ends. If you want to know what happens to Stephen and the people around him, you will have to watch the drama all the way to the end. 

PART THREE
What do reviewers say about this historical drama? Here are the results of two review aggregators:

** 40 per cent = Rotten Tomatoes
** 54 per cent = IMDb

As you can see, the ratings are not impressive. There is a good reason for this. The topic is important and interesting, but the story about it is not very successful. There are some serious flaws. Let me explain:

(1) The script is not well-written.

(2) The actors do not play their roles well.

(3) There is a romance, but it is not very romantic, because there is no chemistry between Stephen and Jeanette. There is too much focus on the romance, which means less focus on the investigation, which is after all the main reason for the whole drama.

(4) The main character is not very sympathetic: he drinks and smokes all the time. When the foreigner (Michael) does not want to talk to him, he simply enters the camp during the night and steals a box from him; a box which may or may not contain the secret Michael does not want to talk about. Is this a case of honest journalism? Stealing evidence from a person he tried to interview!

(5) Stephen is not a good reporter. Nor is he a good detective. He has a unique diary in his possession, and what does he do with it in order to keep it safe? He places it in a suitcase, which he hides under his bed! When secret service agents enter his room, while he is out, this is of course the first place they look. How can he be so careless? The diary that he stole from Michael is now stolen from him!

(6) Michael Gambon is a famous actor, but in this drama he only plays a minor role. He only appears two times: in the beginning and towards the end. And each time we only see him for a brief moment. The fact that Michael Gambon is in this movie is not enough to save it.

(7) Stephen works for a local paper, the Western Post. But there is no such paper in Bristol. Where does the name come from? The answer is simple. There are two daily papers in Bristol:

** The Western Daily Press
** The Bristol Post

The movie-makers took the word “Western” from the first and the word “Post” from the second. When we combine them, we have the Western Post, a fictional newspaper published in Bristol.

(8) The movie-makers wanted to create a thriller. Perhaps this is why some aspects of this drama do not seem realistic. Please understand I cannot say more than this without revealing too much.

A Russian peasant who lived near Smolensk could have seen the Polish POWs when they were transported to the area in the spring of 1940. But I doubt that he could have been a witness to the actual executions. I am quite sure the NKVD kept the execution area sealed off. They did not want any accidental witnesses to this event.

This peasant could still have been in the area in 1943 when the Germans discovered the mass graves. They needed someone to do the digging, so they hired him and other local people to work for them. When he saw the dead body with the small metal box, he decided to pick it up and hide it in his jacket.

He could have left the USSR in 1944. And he could have managed to get to the UK in 1947. He could have decided to pose as a Polish refugee and call himself Michael Loboda. It is not impossible. In this sense he could be “the last witness” to the massacre at Katyn.

PART FOUR
As stated above, many details mentioned in the drama are true. Here is one example: the O’Malley Report which Stephen finds in a government archive in London. It is a real historical document; it is named after its author: Sir Owen O’Malley (1887-1974), a British diplomat who was:

** Ambassador to Hungary 1939-1941
** Ambassador to the Polish Government-in-Exile (in London) during the war
** Ambassador to Portugal 1945-1947

There are, in fact, two reports written by O’Malley. Both reports try to find out when the massacre at Katyn took place. Once you know the answer to this question, you know who was responsible:

The first report (dated May 1943) concludes that the German version of events is probably true: Soviet secret police (NKVD) killed the Polish POWs in the spring of 1940, while this area was under Soviet control.

The second report (dated February 1944) concludes that the Soviet version of events is probably not true. The Polish POWs were not killed by German forces in the autumn of 1941, while the area was under German control.

Before the war was over, the British and the American governments knew the truth about Katyn, but they could not tell the truth in public, because this would offend Stalin and endanger their alliance with the USSR. The western powers needed the USSR to fight Germany from the east, while the western powers were attacking this country from the west. This is a case of Realpolitik. This is why O’Malley’s reports were classified and placed in a secret archive. The British people were not allowed to learn the truth. The British government helped Stalin cover up the truth.

In 1990, the Soviet government finally admitted that the Soviet version of events was a lie: Soviet forces had killed the Polish POWs in the spring of 1940.

CONCLUSION
The story about Katyn is important. It deserves to be told. But The Last Witness is not really about the massacre at Katyn in 1940. Only a small part of the drama (less than 10 minutes) is devoted to events in 1940.

The Last Witness is about a reporter who lives and works in Bristol in 1947. It is about his attempt to investigate the massacre. We follow his investigation step by step. We see what he finds out. We also see the obstacles that he is facing: the difficulties and the danger. He knows he is being followed, but it does not seem to bother him. He does not take any precautions. This is odd. No serious reporter would behave in this way.

It could have been a great drama. Unfortunately, it is not. It is a big disappointment. And therefore I cannot offer more than two stars.

PS # 1. Katyn is a Polish historical drama that premiered in 2007. It is directed by the famous Polish filmmaker Andrzej Wajda (1926-2016). It is not perfect, but in my opinion, it is much better than The Last Witness.

PS # 2. For more information, see the following books:

** Katyn: Stalin’s Massacre and the Triumph of Truth by Allen Paul (2010)

** Katyn 1940: The Documentary Evidence of the West’s Betrayal by Eugenia Maresch (2010)

PS # 3. The following article is available online: “Polish Foreign Affairs Ministry releases British Katyn documents,” Radio Poland, 3 April 2015.

*****

 

 This map shows the location of Katyn

*****